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Adds section on concurrent data structures.

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os/notes/03-thread-synchronisation.md
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@ -117,4 +117,10 @@ while (true) {
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## Concurrent Data structures
A concurrent data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data for access by multiple computing threads (or processes) on a computer.
A concurrent data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data for access by multiple computing threads (or processes) on a computer. A shared mutable state very easily leads to problems when concurrency is involved. If access to shared mutable objects is not managed properly, applications can quickly become prone to some hard-to-detect concurrency errors.
Some common concurrent data structures:
1. [Atomic Integer](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicInteger.html#:~:text=An%20AtomicInteger%20is%20used%20in,deal%20with%20numerically%2Dbased%20classes)
> The AtomicInteger class protects an underlying int value by providing methods that perform atomic operations on the value
2. [Concurrent hash maps](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentHashMap.html)