Create queue.md

imperfect_notes/queue.md

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+## Queue
+
+- Linear Data Structure
+- First In first Out
+
+### Operations:
+
+(Mention overflow and underflow conditions)
+- Enqueue()
+- Dequeue()
+
+### Applications
+
+- CPU Scheduling
+- Disk Scheduling
+- In real life scenario, Call Center phone systems uses Queues to hold people calling them in an order, until a service representative is free.
+
+### Implementation
+
+- Array
+
+  Maintain two pointers: Front and end. 
+  Both will point to -1 in the end.
+  Enqueue -> rear, Deequeue -> front
+  
+  Problems  
+  
+    - not being able to dynamically resize. 
+    - front becomes equal to rear even when array is empty. 
+    
+- Circular Array
+
+```cpp
+
+class Queue {
+	int *arr;
+	int ms; // max size
+	int cs; // current size
+	int front;
+	int rear;
+public:
+	Queue(int default_size = 4) {
+		front = 0;
+		rear = default_size-1;
+		ms = default_size;
+		arr = new int[ms];
+		cs = 0;
+	}
+	bool isFull() {
+		return cs==ms;
+	}
+	bool isEmpty() {
+		return cs == 0;
+	}
+	void enqueue(int data) {
+		if(!isFull()) {
+			rear = (rear+1)%ms;
+			arr[rear] = data;
+			cs++;
+		}
+	}
+	void dequeue() {
+		if(!isEmpty()) {
+			front = (front+1)%ms;
+			cs--;
+		}
+	}
+	int getFront() {
+		return arr[front];
+	}
+};
+
+```
+
+- LinkedList
+
+	Enqueue - Add at head. O(n) if no tail pointer otherwise O(1)
+	Dequeue - O(1)
+	
+- Stack ( 2 ways of implementation )
+
+
+### Double Ended Queue
+
+- A very powerful data structure. 
+	insertFront(): Adds an item at the front of Deque.
+	insertLast(): Adds an item at the rear of Deque.
+	deleteFront(): Deletes an item from front of Deque.
+	deleteLast(): Deletes an item from rear of Deque.
+	
+- Supports both stack and queue operations. 
+
+- Implementation of Circular Double Ended Queue
+
+  - Circular Array
+  - Doubly LinkedList
+  
+**Q1 - Print all binary numbers upto d digits**
+Input: 3
+Output: 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111
+
+**Q2- Given some N, and some digits 1, 2...k, find the first N numbers that can be formed from these digits. 
+
+Note: You can do level order traversal (BFS) using queue. 
+    
+**Q3- Given arr[n] and window size k, find max for every window of size k. 
+
+static void printMax(int arr[], int n, int k) 
+    { 
+        
+        Deque<Integer> Qi = new LinkedList<Integer>(); 
+  
+       
+        int i; 
+        for (i = 0; i < k; ++i) { 
+           
+            while (!Qi.isEmpty() && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.peekLast()]) 
+                Qi.removeLast(); // Remove from rear 
+  
+            
+            Qi.addLast(i); 
+        } 
+  
+        
+        for (; i < n; ++i) { 
+           
+            System.out.print(arr[Qi.peek()] + " "); 
+  
+           
+            while ((!Qi.isEmpty()) && Qi.peek() <= i - k) 
+                Qi.removeFirst(); 
+
+            while ((!Qi.isEmpty()) && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.peekLast()]) 
+                Qi.removeLast(); 
+  
+            // Add current element at the rear of Qi 
+            Qi.addLast(i); 
+        } 
+  
+        // Print the maximum element of last window 
+        System.out.print(arr[Qi.peek()]); 
+    } 
+
+**Q4- Given a stream of characters and we have to find first non repeating character each time a character is inserted to the stream**
+```java
+    static void firstNonRepeating(String str) 
+    { 
+        int[] charCount = new int[MAX_CHAR]; 
+        Queue<Character> q = new LinkedList<Character>(); 
+        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) { 
+            char ch = str.charAt(i);
+            q.add(ch); 
+            charCount[ch - 'a']++;  
+            while (!q.isEmpty()) { 
+                if (charCount[q.peek() - 'a'] > 1) 
+                    q.remove(); 
+                else { 
+                    System.out.print(q.peek() + " "); 
+                    break; 
+                } 
+            } 
+            if (q.isEmpty()) 
+                System.out.print(-1 + " "); 
+        } 
+        System.out.println(); 
+    } 
+```
+**Q5- Shortest Subarray with Sum at Least K**
+
+
+
+ 
+